The Duomo Of Florence Essays - Western Art, Lorenzo Ghiberti

The Duomo Of Florence Essays - Western Art, Lorenzo Ghiberti The Duomo Of Florence In the Florence Cathedral, Florence, Italy, there is a cathedral church whose octagonal dome, built without the aid of scaffolding, was considered the greatest engineering feat of the early Renaissance. Dedicated to Santa Maria del Fiore, Our Lady of the Flower, it is also known as the Duomo, after the Italian word for cathedral. Created by many great Early Modern artists, this piece of architecture is a perfect example the Renaissance style. We can come to a better understanding of why this is so by exploring what the characteristics of the Renaissance style. To understand the properties of the Florence Cathedral that fit the Early Modern style, I will begin with a description and its history. The cathedral's architectural style, although greatly influenced by French Gothic elements remained distinctively Florentine, especially the geometric patterns of red, green, and white marble on the building's exterior. Construction of the cathedral began in 1294 on the site of a Christian church founded in the 6th or 7th century and continued until 1436. Several celebrated Italian architects were involved in the project, including Giotto, Arnolfo di Cambio, Andrea Orcagna, and, most notably, Filippo Brunelleschi, who was responsible for designing and building the dome. The cathedral's exterior is ornamented with sculpture and mosaics by Italian artists Donatello, Nanni di Banco, and Domenico Ghirlandaio, among others. The building's stained-glass windows are the work of the Italian architect and artist Lorenzo Ghiberti, and the interior is decorate d with sculpture and fresco paintings by several Renaissance masters. Construction of the campanile (bell tower), situated to the right of the entrance to the Duomo, was begun by Giotto and completed according to his plans in 1359, after his death. Nearly 278 ft high, the campanile is embellished with red, green, and white marble panels of relief sculpture by Italian artists Andrea Pisano and Luca della Robbia, and niches with sculpted figures by Donatello and other masters. Facing the cathedral and campanile is a smaller, octagonal structure, the Baptistery of San Giovanni, noted for its gilt-bronze doors, elaborately worked in high relief by Andrea Pisano and Lorenzo Ghiberti. With that background information about the cathedral, one question comes to mind: what is it that makes the Renaissance style distinct? Renaissance Art is painting, sculpture, and architecture produced in Europe in the historical period that has been called the Early Modern period. Though the piece I selected is a piece of architecture it has all the aforementioned forms of art, and the elements of the Renaissance style encompasses all these forms. The three main components of Renaissance style are the following: a revival of the classical style originally developed by the ancient Greeks and Romans, an intensified concern with non-religious life, and an interest in humanism and emphasis on the importance of the individual. The Renaissance period in art history corresponds to the beginning of the great Western age of discovery and exploration, when a general desire developed to examine all aspects of nature and the world. This greatly influenced the art that was produced during this p eriod. During the Renaissance, artists were no longer regarded as mere artisans, as they had been in the medieval past, but for the first time emerged as independent personalities, comparable to poets and writers. When he was discussing architecture in his book Lives of the Artists, Giorgio Vasari writes, some idea of form and some approximation of the good ancient rules were rediscovered by the better architects, who have left examples of their style throughout Italy in the oldest as distinct from the antique churches (Vasari, 39). They sought new solutions to formal and visual problems, and many of them were also devoted to scientific experimentation. In this context, mathematical or linear perspective was developed, a system in which all objects in a painting or in low-relief sculpture are related both proportionally and rationally. As a result, the painted surface was regarded as a window on the natural world, and it became the task of painters to portray this world in their art. Conseq uently, painters began to devote themselves more rigorously to the rendition of landscapethe careful depiction of trees, flowers, plants, distant mountains, and cloud-filled skies. Artists studied the effect of light out-of-doors and how

Hip hop essays

Hip hop essays Hip-hop can work wonders in right hands Whether the banter is in the neighborhood beauty parlor or barbershop or the news is on the front page of your newspaper or you are hearing of the latest jeremiad of Bill Cosby, the subject is more often than not the failings of black youth, especially boys and young men. It's sometimes easy to forget that not all black youth are lost, and that there are people out there toiling to see that many more are reclaimed. Among them are the rapper Kurtis Blow and several ministers who have formed Hip Hop Church, which holds weekly services in Harlem, rotating between the Greater Hood A.M.E. Zion Church and the Abyssinian Baptist Church. The services are all about working with kids - some who were already attending traditional church but getting little out of it, others who were "unchurched," even some with hard-knock lives and street experience beyond imagination. The attraction, explained the Rev. Darren Ferguson, the church's musical director, is this: "Most people think that to be a Christian you have to give up being a young person, having fun, and we're saying you don't have to give up being young, you don't have to give up having fun." And fun - and lively and loud - it is. Because of the music, Ferguson said, "There's just enough testosterone to get the guys saying, 'Yeah, I like this.'" Lamar Haney, a 19-year-old member of a rap group called Three Shades of Faith, explained, "These are secular beats, but we use them to glorify God." Just as the Apostle Paul advised early missionaries to learn the languages of the people to whom they would take the gospel, Haney said, Hip Hop Church is using the language (sans profanity and misogyny) that many young people appreciate. Theirs is not necessarily the proper English that Cosby rightly insists be the standard. Nor is theirs necessarily the language of the smug members of the Christian right who are already pouring cold water on even the ...

Case analysis of Panera Bread Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Analysis of Panera Bread - Case Study Example Specifically, the company has established 1,625 locations in 44 states and Canada (Panera Bread, â€Å"Company Overview†). The company started in 1981 as Au Bon Pain Company and proceeded to purchase St. Louis Bread Company in 1993, which was operating 20 bakeries in the St. Louis area, Missouri. Thereafter, different events contributed to Au Bon Pain Company selling all its business units although it retained Panera with the company renaming it Panera Bread Company in 1999 (Panera Bread, â€Å"Our History†). In effect, this company operates under the three banners mentioned earlier in this expose. The purpose of this analysis is to inform the reader about the situation at Panera Bread. To achieve this, this analysis will identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in Panera Bread. Finally, the analysis will include the current financial situation in the company. Industry Analysis Before carrying out a SWOT analysis of Panera Bread, it is important to conduct an industrial analysis of the company. In line with this, it is crucial to point out that Panera Bread’s operations are in  the competitive restaurant industry. ... McDonald’s, Wendy’s, Burger King and cafes such as New World Restaurant and Starbucks, Panera Bread ensures that its products are of higher quality than those of all these competitors. In this case, the health conscious nature of the world’s population has made it a necessity for companies to engage in production of healthy products. To underline the strategy of Panera Bread Company’s focus on healthy products, a study conducted this year identified Panera Bread as the fast food of choice for customers who were health conscious. The study by Scarborough revealed, â€Å"Health-conscious consumers who have had fast food in the past 30 days are more than twice as likely to dine at Panera Bread for lunch† (â€Å"Health-Conscious†). In effect, this implies that the company was on the right track towards capturing this important and ever-growing segment of the population that was health conscious. On the other hand, Panera Bread is a company smalle r than McDonald’s, Wendy’s, and Burger King, which puts the company at a strategic position since the market leaders’ expansion strategy aims at international markets. Hence, Panera Bread can work on differentiating its products in order to achieve market edge over its competitors. Panera Bread’s Strategy Panera Bread’s strategy involves a number of different approaches in business. Importantly, the company’s menu tries to implement the company’s strategy of providing a diverse menu with an ambience that invites customers. In this case, the company’s deli menu contains a variety of products that range from soup to freshly-ground coffee, sandwiches, and freshly baked bread. In effect, the menu intends to fit the needs of people who did not have time to eat in conventional restaurants with the foundation and

Psychotherapy and Ethical Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Psychotherapy and Ethical Issues - Essay Example It is generally termed as "talking treatment" in which the person who carries the treatment may refer as the therapist and the person being seen is usually referred to as the client. (The Royal College of Psychiatry) Psychotherapy usually involves different sessions of meetings (normally of 50 minutes or more of duration) between the therapist and the client in a quiet room in which the client reveals his worries and anxieties or psychological problems to the therapist and the therapist analyses the problems and find remedies for it. In order to keep the highest standards of professional practice, each Psychotherapist shall enter into agreement to hold and practice a code of ethics. The therapist needs to consider the integrity and welfare of the client when giving tips to overcome the emotional problems. Services are provided to clients within the parameters of informed consent and voluntary participation. When services are extended to individuals or organizations, there has to be a specific contract, which includes information on the nature of the service or intervention offered, the benefits and limitations of the service, frequency, and cost if applicable. This can be provided to the participant (s) before the service begins. Integrity and welfare of the client must be given prominence in the counseling sessio... Here is an example of a young lady, from a conservative third world country, working as a school teacher in Dubai. She was brought up in a highly conservative family had great moral values. Moreover she was the only daughter in her family which prevented her from acquiring a sound personality. Her school life as school teacher in Dubai initially gone well, but after around 3 to 4 months problems began to arise. She was stern in her approaches towards students and never allowed them to take anything easy in their studies. On the other hand, other teachers were more liberal and the students got enough freedom to grow and even to execute malpractices in their subjects. Thus students began to trouble her deliberately and they began to raise complaints about her quiet regularly. The principal and the management were also more liberal in their approach in order to secure good results for the school, thus, to keep their educational business intact. The principal once called her and asked he r to be more liberal in her approach which was a shock to her. She started to develop some emotional problems and finally, had to undergo a psychotherapy treatment.The therapist has initially heard patiently her worries and concerns with respect to her strong belief in morality and ideals. The therapist has realized that she was a person of high integrity and whatever the points raised by her was ethically right. She wanted her students to learn good behavior and practices in their life and she was ready to face any type of hardships to complete her responsibility. The therapist told the client that this world is not intended for

Global Fishing and its Impact on the Environment Essay Example for Free

Global Fishing and its Impact on the Environment Essay The demand of fish in the international market has been increasing in the last few years. This is because many researches on nutrition have revealed that consuming fish is one of the best healthy practices. Fish does not have a lot of fats and bad cholesterol and it is a good source of vitamins and natural nutrients. This paper is about the trends of fishing in the global arena and its impact on the environment. The paper will concern recreational and commercial both types of fishing and the problems they are causing to the marine environment. The current state of global fisheries, aquaculture and the environmental cost of fishing will be the main subjects of interest in this paper. Although many countries have started efforts to develop practices of sustainable fishing through developing the idea of fish farms, however, the main threat to the environment is recreational fishing. The impacts on the marine life itself and the fish population will be discussed in the paper. Current State of Global Fisheries There was a steady rise in fishing, according to the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization, until the mid 1990s when the trend became stable. In 2001, a study showed that the marine catch has been declining at a rate of 10% each year since the late 1980s. There have also been estimations that around 50% of the world’s fish reserves have been fully exploited, around 20% are overexploited and another 10% are depleted because of overfishing. The histogram graph below shows the increasing share of aqua culture in the total fishing, however, the largest share of the total fish catch is still for the fish being captured from free waters. Southeast Pacific regions contribute the most to the catch of fish globally. The fish that have been captured the most are anchovy and Chilean jack mackerel (Hart Reynolds, 2004). Figure 1- (Hart Reynolds, 2004) The research has also shown that almost 80% of the total fish captured was used for direct human consumption while other 20% went for further processing for non-consumption production. In the year 1997, the per capita consumption of fish has increased in the past 50 years from 9 kg per person to around 16 kg per person each year. This was the data for underdeveloped countries; however, the consumption in the developed countries has risen from 20kg to almost 28kg per capita per year. In the underdeveloped countries, the protein intake from the consumption of fish can form 20% of the total intake. In the developed countries and in the Southeastern Asian countries, the consumption is much higher (Hart Reynolds, 2004). The top ten countries which are the largest catchers of the total fish catches include China, Japan, India, United States, Russia and Indonesia. However, China is the largest catcher of fish as the total amount stands to around 12 million tons of fish (FAOSTAT online database, 2010). The demand of fish is stable at the moment but as the population rises, the demand for fish will also rise. It has been revealed that the people in the developed countries are more prone to eating fish as their per capita consumption is higher than people living in underdeveloped countries. Another point of concern is that the population is rising at a very high rate in countries such as India, Pakistan, Indonesia and the Middle-East where the catch of the fish is also the highest. Figure 2 Impact of Global Fishing on the Environment Today, the exploitation of the fishery resources and reserves has become a major environmental factor of concern for the scientists and environmentalists. The worldwide declines in the population of fish species have been blamed to the excessive commercial fishing and unrestrictive recreational fishing. A recent study has revealed that the total fish harvest from recreational activities may contribute up to almost 12% of the total catch of fish globally (Cooke, Steven, Cowx, 2004). Fish has been one of the most important food consumption resources that are at risk because of limitless recreational activities and commercial fishing. The potential contribution of fishing to the marine environment and the ecological system of the world has caused many problems in the environment already. Currently, the fish production is meeting the requirements of the population in the countries, but at a great environmental cost. The marine life is not only being endangered by the fishers but their breeding grounds have also been invaded by the commercial companies. These breeding grounds are the safe places for the fish. Though the fish are being bred in huge numbers, but their homes are being destroyed which does not allow the fish to be born. Although a fish can give birth to hundreds of its offspring in one season, but if these offspring are dead before they are born, then the ecological system in the waters is seriously disturbed. According to a research, the increasing pressure of fishing and exploitation of resources in marine life has caused a change in the ecological structure and the ecosystem. The fully developed fish and adult members of the fish are more fondly searched by the commercial and individuals as they render more profits and meat for the production. Therefore the adult population which is responsible for breeding and generating offspring are in great danger by the human activities in the seas. Climate change has also been attributed to the changes in the ecosystem which affect the marine life and decrease their population. In the future, therefore, the fish population, available for human consumption, is anticipated to fall and cause demand supply problems. The primary reasons for this are the attack of the humans on the marine life for consumption, recreational activities of the human individuals and the change in the global climate which is changing the living habitat of these fish (Planque, 2010). Aquaculture Production The term aquaculture is used for the farming of the fish and other marine species including aquatic plants, crustaceans and mollusks in an artificial environment which is fit for their breeding. This is done in order to protect the species of the fish which are getting extinct or for sustainable farming of fish. This practice is very good for the sustainability of the fish in free water as they are not hunted in their breeding grounds. When grown and fully ready, these fish are harvested by a company or an individual who has owned them throughout the period of growth and development (European Commission, 2007). This practice is the only option for meeting the demand of the human for fish consumption. Fishing for recreation has proved to be disastrous for the marine life and the water environment. The whole ecological system is disturbed because of excessive fishing. Aquaculture is mostly being performed for the human consumption but does not addresses the issue of recreational fishing. Aquaculture is also used to presence the dying species by providing the required temperature, environment and food for their existence. Many of these fish could be released in to the wild waters so that they could be used in the recreational activities (Stickney, 2009). Conclusion In order to keep the demand consistent with the supply for fish in the global market, the practice of aquaculture will have to be adopted. The main issues that the fish face are the recreational activities of the human, commercial overexploitation and the change in climate of the world. These problems are changing their habitat environment and hence these fish are getting endangered. However, we should keep in mind that all of the fish species are not being caught for human consumption. Hence, aquaculture will not be able to address this issue. Other strict rules and regulation will have to be implemented by the governments in order to stop the recreational killing of fish. Only the hunting of those fish should be allowed which are abundant in the waters. Aquaculture could be used to breed those fish which are primarily used for the consumption of human through providing an artificial environment where the fish can grow up in a protected way. Bibliography Cooke, Steven, Cowx, I. (2004). The Role of Recreational Fishing in Global Fish Crises. BioScience , 54 (9), 857-59. European Commission. (2007). Eurostat. Retrieved May 9, 2010, from Eurostat Pocketbook: http://epp. eurostat. ec. europa. eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-DW-07-001/EN/KS-DW-07-001-EN. PDF European Commission. (2009, September). Eurostat. Retrieved May 9, 2010, from Fishery Statistics: http://epp. eurostat. ec. europa. eu/statistics_explained/index. php/Fishery_statistics FAOSTAT online database. (2010). NationMaster. Retrieved May 9, 2010, from Environmental Statistics: http://www. nationmaster. com/graph/env_mar_fis_cat-environment-marine-fish-catch Hart, P. , Reynolds, J. (2004). Handbook of fish biology and fisheries. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing company. Planque, B. (2010). How does fishing alter marine populations and ecosystems sensitivity to climate? Journal of Marine Systems , 403-417. Stickney, R. (2009). Aquaculture an introductory text. Oxfordshire: Cambridge University Press.

Analysis of the art of Pablo Palazuelo Essay -- Art Artwork Pablo Pala

Geologic form un-earthed: "Seeing through" the art of Pablo Palazuelo "Science and art are two 'di-fferent' ways of getting to know the world, ways which-from a shared origin-evolved separately. [...] The two 'di-fferent' conceptions as well as the corresponding attitudes and activities reveal their reciprocal 'in/cidence' (the result of their common origin) when they are studied in depth and 'without pre/judice.'" --Pablo Palazuelo, (Vision-Time essay, Reina Sofà ­a, 259) Today science and art reflect two different ways of knowing the world. As a scientist, the geologist gets to know the world empirically, through the visual perception of nature's explicit geologic forms. The artist, on the other hand, gets to know the world through intuition, a prescient feeling that reveals the implicit nature of form itself. The art of contemporary Spanish painter Pablo Palazuelo provides a vehicle through which the geologist can know natural form by experiencing its misterium conjunctionis of complementary "desires", where arbitrary distinctions between science and art disappear. Seeing through Palazuelo's art gives the geologist an insight into the way in which nature constitutes itself, an insight that completely reorients and clarifies the geologist's way of thinking. This fresh new perspective opens the window of conscious perception by awakening the scientist's dormant sensibilities. Geologic form was unearthed before me in this manner several years ago during a visit to the Museo de Arte Abstracto Espaà ±ol in Cuenca, Spain. The Lunariae series of Pablo Palazuelo caught my eye. At first glance I saw a brittle fracture system, not unlike ones I had mapped in a surface outcropping of rock or in an u... ...uries ago were forgotten and foresees those not yet born" (Energy, Matter and Form essay, Soledad Lorenzo, 9). Palazuelo's presentient art informs the vision of the perceptive scientist. The geologic form, unearthed by the geoscientist, informs the images of the artist. In this sense, through their open dialog, the conceptions, attitudes and activities of science and art do indeed reflect their "reciprocal in/cidence." "The image is the experience itself." --Pablo Palazuelo (El cuerpo geà ³metra essay, Theo, 2) Works CiteD: Palazuelo. Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofà ­a, Madrid, 1995. Palazuelo. Pinturas, esculturas y gouaches, Galerà ­a Theo, Madrid, 1985. Palazuelo. Galerà ­a Soledad Lorenzo, Madrid, 1997. Palazuelo, Pablo, and Kevin Power. Visià ³n y Geometrà ­a: Una Conversacià ³n con Kevin Power. Granada: Deputacià ³n Provincial de Granada, 1995.

Abigail’s Party Essay

My group and I are working on a play called the â€Å"Birthday Party† By Harold Pinter. The work is set in 1960’s. The scene we doing is about a man, names Petey returning home from some sort of morning to job to a boarding house where his wife, who’s called Meg and is the owner, fusses around him. We start to see that this routine is very basic and a sense of this what they do every day. As the scene goes on Stanley comes in and plays quite a grumpy teenager. I play the part of Petey. At the time of this plays setting, men had more of a dominant role in society and the women didn’t work much and did more of the housework. This could mean that the male characters in plays around this time were more dominate and women did more housework and just like Meg, fussed around their husband as he was the only source of income, this could influence Meg as being fussy and concerning over Petey. The war would have been less than two decades ago so that may influence the characters in plays. Meg maybe fussing around he husband because he was a war-hero influencing her to very proud and caring of husband, or maybe Petey only has a morning job because he is slightly injured, this could influence his physical expression. This is different from the text that we have studied called Abigail’s Party because was set in the 1970’s where women had a more dominant role than in the 1950’s. The women were more out-spoken and more free to work have more social activities. In Abigail’s Party there was a lot more conflict and more fiery action between characters unlike in the Birthday Party it was Meg said a comment, which Petey may of thought was stupid, Petey just answered simply in a slow pace and showed no motivation to want to speak. In Abigail’s Party when a comment was made that one of the partners didn’t like to hear they either fought about it or gave a sarcastic comment to show their annoyance whereas in the Birthday Party I, Petey, just gave short simple unmotivated answers to a persistent and fussing Meg. The two plays showed different ways of coping with situations as throughout the scene we performed Petey showed boredom and Meg carried on being quirky, fussy and questionable, in comparison to that in Abigail’s Party they handled situations in a more sarcastic, and argumentative. The two plays are humorous on different levels. The Birthday Party is funny because of we can see Peteys clear boredom of having this conversation and routine, which we can tell is a daily thing he goes through. Megs stupid comments just to speak and engage with Petey and in cases, to know out side life, is funny to us because the questions are stupid like when he’s just got the corn flakes and she asks if they are nice and he hasn’t even tasted them. However, the two plays have similarities. Pinter and Leigh are both known for naturalism. The scene on Birthday Party I performed was very natural and realistic nothing out of the ordinary happened it was very simple and plain but it was easy to relate to which made it effective and the birthday party as too naturalistic and perhaps more modern and in the effect of couple arguing and women playing more dominate roles. However, the â€Å"Birthday Party† as it goes on turns out to be more absurd and super-natural. Both plays also have fussy and inquisitive women. Meg is very questionable to Petey and wanting to know things, Bev. Tries to keep the gathering she’s got alive and wanting people to pay attention to her likewise to Meg wanting Peteys attention. The historical and social setting is fairly similar as the man in Birthday Party does seem to have the dominant role as Meg does everything for him cooking, washing etc. Contrastingly to when Angie say’s something against Tony, like he is argumentative or won’t do something, he takes action by shouting or grabbing her hand. Angie stops and doesn’t protest showing men still had some dominant role in the 70’s. We are presenting our play as the audience in a semi-circle in one end of the studio and us performing in the other half of the circle. This allows the audience to be the third wall, which is very in the style of Pinter and Leigh. This can give the audience more of a role and part, its very soap like, which is naturalistic, just as the plays studied, are intended to be. We are using different techniques and styles of performing such as giving each character more or less just one characteristic and not changing the pace much. For example when I play Petey I kept the same tone and tired motivation to tell the audience that I’ve been doing this for a very long time. For Meg she kept her fussing and questionable ways and when Stanley comes down he was more mellow and got the attitude of I’ve got my wrapped round my little finger. We used symbolism in our play, for example my paper. When I played Petey, the paper was my only bit of something new for that day, everything else was the same predictable self but my paper, which I’m though out the scene reading or holding, gives me salivation from Meg and the predictable ways. We are keeping the style very naturalistic. This is different from the other play as the characters pace changed very much through the play. At one time they would be talking and the next minute there would be an argument to change the pace and the mood in which all the characters felt. You never felt the characters would stay for long at one place whereas Petey stayed in the chair all the time and kept his pace the same except it did change sometimes. The other text (Abigail’s party) influenced our performance by making Meg a little more dominate and persistent for Peteys attention.

Yet Do I Marvel

Yet Do I Marvel â€Å"Yet Do I Marvel† a sonnet by Countee Cullen, is written in iambic pentameter. Its rhyming scheme is arranged in two, four line stanzas, abab and cdcd, ending with a six-line stanza, eeffgg. This poem is written in first-person, the voice of a Black man and uses a variety of tones; confusion, anger and sarcasm, to portray it’s message; The poem begins with the poet’s voice affirming the belief that God is good, well meaning, but admits God has left him with out explanation for understanding the reasons behind the justice or injustices, which make up God’s will. Comparisons with in the poem are made to illustrate the lack of sense in God’s design. The line, The buried mole continues to be blind, would seem to be an inexplicable injustice against a creature that has done no wrong. Then the line, Why flesh that mirrors him must some day die, would seem an unjust end for a being God created in his likeness. Cullen’s next comparisons allude to two mythical gods sentenced to suffer for eternity for their heinous crimes, Make plain the reason tortured Tantalus Is baited by the fickle fruit, declare If merely brute caprice dooms Sisyphus To struggle up a never-ending stair, there would seem to be no need of explanation for the justness of their fate (â€Å"Encyclopedia Mythica†). The poems last stanzas are the need for reaffirmation of faith in God’s divine plan as we have not the wisdom to be more than his instrument, To catechism by a mind too strewn, With petty cares to slightly understand, What awful brain compels His awful hand. That leaves the poet concluding that despite the racial indignities and senseless injustices performed against blacks who speak out, he must accept what it is God’s will which is, To make a poet black, and bid him sing! Countee Cullen was a pivotal force in the Afro-American arts movement of his time, known as Harlem Renaissance. Cullen’s use of racial themes in this verse are reflective of a black urban consciousness for change, brought about by America's racial climate during the 1920s and black American disillusionment after World War 1 (â€Å"Cullen, Countee†). Countee Cullen while an out spoken agent for change drew criticism for his works when he chose as his model the classical verse forms of John Keats rather than rely on the rhythms and idioms of his black American heritage (â€Å"African American Literature†), It was Cullen’s belief that use of more traditional forms to structure his poetic message would allow art to transcended race and minimize the distance between black and white people (â€Å"Cullen, Countee† ). Yet Do I Marvel Biography Online: Encyclopedia Mythica http://www. mythweb. com/index. html African American literature. † Encyclop? dia Britannica. Encyclop? dia Britannica Online. Encyclop? dia Britannica, 2010. Web. 19   Apr. 2010   http://www. search. eb. com. prxy1. ursus. maine. edu/eb/article-232356 Cullen, Countee. † Encyclop? dia Britannica. Encyclop? dia Britannica Online. Encyclop? dia Britannica, 2010. Web. http://www. search. eb. com. prxy1. ursus. maine. edu/eb/article-9028151

The Fallof the Wiemer Republic essays

The Fallof the Wiemer Republic essays The Weimar Republic was created in the aftermath of World War I to govern a defeated Germany. Although its constitution was designed to make the state a liberal parliamentary democracy, certain inherent political and economic factors combined to make Germany a dictatorship within fifteen years. Several factors undermined popular support for the new republic, while within the constitution itself lay avenues for the seizure of absolute power. This essay was written 4/23/96 in my tenth grade AP European History class. It describes the years between the two World Wars, when a suffering Germany turned to Hitler to alleviate its economic pain. The events that led up to this event are presented here. Germany was the losing state at the end of the First World War, and although the Weimar Republic was born in 1919, the government carried substantial negative baggage from the previous era. Chief of these were the reparations paid by Germany to the victors, initially set at five billion dollars annually until 1921. The economic hardship caused by these reparations payments spread themselves throughout German society. Even more devastating and sudden was the invasion of the Ruhr by France in 1923, and the government policy of passive resistance set off runaway inflation that made money worthless. Middle-class savings were wiped out, and contributed to the strong desire for stability that brought the Nazi party into power. There had never been very much popular support for the Weimar government. Germans accused the Social Democrats, reviled before the war, for the onerous postwar reparations; although the government itself was modeled after liberal institutions, the stigma of having signed the Treaty of Paris continued to count against it. This was reinforced by the propaganda of the German military, which continued to suggest that the German military defeat was caused by treason at home. The constitution of the Weimar Repu...

Domestication History of Rye

Domestication History of Rye Rye (Secale cereale subspecies cereale) was likely fully domesticated from its weedy relative (S. cereale ssp segetale) or perhaps S. vavilovii, in Anatolia or the Euphrates River valley of what is today Syria, at least as early as 6600 BC, and perhaps as early as 10,000 years ago. Evidence for domestication is at Natufian sites such as Can Hasan III in Turkey at 6600 cal BC (calendar years BC); domesticated rye reached central Europe (Poland and Romania) about 4,500 cal BC. Today rye is grown on about 6 million hectares in Europe where it is mostly used for making bread, as animal feed and forage, and in the production of rye and vodka. Prehistorically rye was used for food in a variety of ways, as animal fodder and for straw for the thatched rooves. Characteristics Rye is a member of the Triticeae tribe of Pooideae subfamily of the Poaceae grasses, meaning it is closely related to wheat and barley. There are around 14 different species of the Secale genus, but only S. cereale is domesticated. Rye is allogamous: its reproductive strategies promote outcrossing. Compared to wheat and barley, rye is relatively tolerant to frost, drought, and marginal soil fertility. It has an enormous genome size (~8,100 Mb), and its resistance to frost stress appears to be a result of the high genetic diversity among and within rye populations. The domestic forms of rye have larger seeds than wild forms as well as a non-shattering rachis (the part of the stem that holds the seeds onto the plant). Wild rye is free-threshing, with a tough rachis and loose chaff: a farmer can free the grains by a single threshing since straw and chaff are eliminated by a single round of winnowing. Domestic rye maintained the free-threshing characteristic and both forms of rye are vulnerable to ergot and to munching by pesky rodents while still ripening. Experimenting with Rye Cultivation There is some evidence that Pre-Pottery Neolithic (or Epi-Paleolithic) hunters and gatherers living in the Euphrates valley of northern Syria cultivated wild rye during the cool, arid centuries of the Younger Dryas, some 11,000-12,000 years ago. Several sites in northern Syria show that increased levels of rye were present during the Younger Dryas, implying that the plant must have been specifically cultivated to survive. Evidence discovered at Abu Hureyra (~10,000 cal BC), TellAbr (9500-9200 cal BC), Mureybet 3 (also spelled Murehibit, 9500-9200 cal BC), Jerf el Ahmar (9500-9000 cal BC), and Djade (9000-8300 cal BC) includes the presence of multiple querns (grain mortars) placed in food processing stations and charred wild rye, barley, and einkorn wheat grains. In several of these sites, rye was the dominant grain. Ryes advantages over wheat and barley are its ease of threshing in the wild stage; it is less glassy than wheat and can be more easily prepared as food (roasting, grinding, boiling and mashing). Rye starch is hydrolyzed to sugars more slowly and it produces a lower insulin response than wheat, and is, therefore, more sustaining than wheat. Weediness Recently, scholars have discovered that rye, more than other domesticated crops has followed a weedy species type of domestication processfrom wild to weed to crop and then back to weed again. Weedy rye (S. cereale ssp segetale) is distinctive from the crop form in that it includes stem shattering, smaller seeds and a delay in flowering time. It has been found to have spontaneously redeveloped itself out of the domesticated version in California, in as few as 60 generations. Sources This article is part of the About.com guide to Plant Domestication, and part of the Dictionary of Archaeology Hillman G, Hedges R, Moore A, Colledge S, and Pettitt P. 2001. New evidence of Late Glacial cereal cultivation at Abu Hureyra on the Euphrates. The Holocene 11(4):383-393. Li Y, Haseneyer G, Schà ¶n C-C, Ankerst D, Korzun V, Wilde P, and Bauer E. 2011. High levels of nucleotide diversity and fast decline of linkage disequilibrium in rye (Secale cerealeL.) genes involved in frost response. BMC Plant Biology 11(1):1-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-11-6 (Springer link is currently not working) Marques A, Banaei-Moghaddam AM, Klemme S, Blattner FR, Niwa K, Guerra M, and Houben A. 2013. B chromosomes of rye are highly conserved and accompanied the development of early agriculture. Annals of Botany 112(3):527-534. Martis MM, Zhou R, Haseneyer G, Schmutzer T, Vrna J, Kubalkov M, Kà ¶nig S, Kugler KG, Scholz U, Hackauf B et al. 2013. Reticulate Evolution of the Rye Genome. The Plant Cell 25:3685-3698. Salamini F, Ozkan H, Brandolini A, Schafer-Pregl R, and Martin W. 2002. Genetics and geography of wild cereal domestication in the near east. Nature Reviews Genetics 3(6):429-441.   Shang H-Y, Wei Y-M, Wang X-R, and Zheng Y-L. 2006. Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships in the rye genus Secale L. (rye) based on Secale cereale microsatellite markers. Genetics and Molecular Biology 29:685-691. Tsartsidou G, Lev-Yadun S, Efstratiou N, and Weiner S. 2008. Ethnoarchaeological study of phytolith assemblages from an agro-pastoral village in Northern Greece (Sarakini): development and application of a Phytolith Difference Index. Journal of Archaeological Science 35(3):600-613. Vigueira CC, Olsen KM, and Caicedo AL. 2013. The red queen in the corn: agricultural weeds as models of rapid adaptive evolution. Heredity 110(4):303-311.   Willcox G. 2005. The distribution, natural habitats, and availability of wild cereals in relation to their domestication in the Near East: multiple events, multiple centres. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 14(4):534-541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00334-005-0075-x (Springer link not working) Willcox G, and Stordeur D. 2012. Large-scale cereal processing before domestication during the 10th millennium Cal BC in northern Syria. Antiquity 86(331):99-114.

Remote sensing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Remote sensing - Essay Example 239) have defined the remote sensing as a field of science or art that makes use of energy reflected from the Earth that is later processed, evaluated and applied in order to assist one in retrieving information regarding the surface of Earth without physically having to be on it. Sun is the fundamental source of energy for all the creatures on earth. Sun rays falling on earth are partly reflected which are captured by the satellites for generating information. The first condition without which, the process of remote sensing can not take place, is the provision of electromagnetic energy as waves to a specific place or to a study area. Although there are many electromagnetic energy sources, yet the sun is fundamentally the best source of energy. Basically, the energy travels from a source to a target through a medium or vacuum. When it comes to the earth, the energy interacts with the atmosphere, and this interaction gets repeated when the energy is reflected from the study area to the sensor. After the electromagnetic waves have passed the atmosphere from some source, they interact with the study area. This interaction depends on the characteristics of the study area and also on the electromagnetic radiation sent to it. After the electromagnetic waves interact with the study area, part of them is absorbed and the rest is reflected back to the space. Recording and collecting the reflected electromagnetic waves requires a special type of sensor which is familiar with the reflective waves. The last step of this operation is to understand, disclose and apply the information that has been retrieved from the study area. The problem can be solved by conducting its comparison with the real information. In 1864, the British physicist Clark Maxell predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves and supposed that the magnetic and electric fields work together to produce radiant energy. In addition to that, he described the visible light to be composed of

Company law has failed to provide a solution to excess pay Essay

Company law has failed to provide a solution to excess pay - Essay Example It can be seen that the remuneration committee has a great role to play in as far as maintenance of the appropriate level of the directors’ remuneration is concerned. The directors’ remuneration is mainly comprised of the following: salary, bonus, stock options, restricted share plans, pension among other benefits. There is a close link between agency problems that shareholders have in managing the directors. Berle and Means in case of the The Modern Corporation and Private Property (1932) have identified some problems that are caused by separation of ownership as well as control in US companies around the 1930s. They realised that big companies had share ownership that is dispersed which entitled the board of directors to exert control over the company instead of the actual shareholders. If the directors run the company for their own benefit, this can cause significant problems since they may end up awarding themselves large pay packages as well as benefits. Thus, in order to resolve this crisis, the role of the remuneration committee has been put under spotlight by the Greenbury Report and The Code. The Greenbury Committee was established after widespread public concerns were raised over the excessive amount of money paid to directors of both quoted newly privatized companies. When this code was published in 1995, it specifically dealt with the question of directors’ pay and the bulk of its recommendations were made from the earlier Cadbury Report. The Greenbury Report has recommended that directors’ pay should be linked to the company’s performance. It also tries to address the problem of rewarding directors who have failed to run the company but at the end of the day get away with handsome benefits. The main aim of the remuneration committee is to prevent the directors from deciding their own levels of remuneration. The Greenbury Report has recommended that the